Button Button Back to Topic Menu Feminism Marxism Eco-critical Gendered Feminism Literature (Year 12) - Readings Jeckmen Wu Feminism Feminist literary criticism often takes a resistant standpoint to the predominantly male tradition of literature. It draws from the critical theory of feminism which seeks to dissect the causes and ramifications of gender inequality. Thus, the feminist critic aims to discern how literary texts reflect, reinforce, or challenge the patriarchal structure. Some key elements that are scrutinised under a feminist lens include: The power dynamic between men and women The experience of female characters – including their degree of social, economic, and political freedom The use of gendered language or symbols How the gender stereotypes presented reflect or shape social attitudes To analyse these aspects of a literary text, we can consider: The gender of the author – how that could influence the writing of their characters The context of production and reception (more on that in the Waves of Feminism) – what were the social norms of the time and are those conveyed through the characters? Alternatively, how does your own context impact your response from a feminist perspective? The roles of female characters – are they central to the text, taking up the unconventional female heroine role, or are they secondary characters? The characterisation of female characters – how are they constructed by the author? The ways in which the text supports and/or opposes the patriarchy. A fundamental method of feminist criticism is to identify with the female characters who, more often than not, occupy a secondary position in relation to their male counterpart. Focusing on their experience amplifies marginalised female voices and provides an alternative, subversive perspective that may prompt the re-evaluation of canonical literary works. Waves of Feminism The feminist movement is generally divided into four main time periods called “waves”. Each wave is characterised by generational differences in ideology, reform goals and approaches to addressing distinct issues of the era. This framework of separating the different phases of the movement provides a simplified overview of the Western strand of feminism. First Wave (19th-20th century) Feminism has always existed in some form, with one of the earliest cogent arguments for women’s rights being articulated in the revolutionary work of Mary Wollstonecraft, Vindication of the Rights of Women , in 1792. However, it was the first wave of feminism that marked the proper inception of modern feminism. Prior to this, the concept of feminism was still unknown, therefore all feminist activities were categorised as proto-feminism. What distinguished the first wave of feminism was that it marked the first real organised political movement advocating for women’s rights, with the defining achievement being the 19th Amendment being passed in 1919. This Amendment came after years of feminist activism and finally guaranteed women the right to vote. However, this achievement was just a late snapshot of the suffragette movement that had been lingering in American society since 1848, when 240 women organised a national women’s rights convention in Seneca Falls, New York. Amongst these women were Elizabeth Cady Stanton & Lucretia Mott, who are often referred to as the founders of the movement. At the convention, Stanton read out her Declaration of Sentiments, which was modelled closely after the Declaration of Independence and demanded voting rights for women. The suffragette movement was the first major assembly of women across America. The movement took aim at the lack of political freedom in contemporary society, with reformers & activists determined to address the problem by means of peaceful protests that involved both men and women dressing in symbolic white outfits and holding up placards. The full journey from the first gathering in Seneca Falls to the ratification of the 19th Amendment took a staggering 71 years. The campaign was interrupted by The Civil War (1861-65) and the Abolition Movement to end slavery, but it was also aided by the opportunities WW1 presented which saw women play a significant role in America’s success. By then, the suffragette movement resonated with most Americans and the public opinion was: “If you are good enough for war you are good enough to vote.” Second Wave (1960-70s) Akin to women’s rise to prominence in the workforce and the wider society during WW1, a similar opportunity presented itself at the onset of WW2. Women were tasked with the duty of filling in for men in the workforce and playing their roles on the home front. Perhaps the most iconic image from the era was the poster of “Rosie the Riveter” with the tagline “We can do it!”. It was designed to champion women’s capabilities and has been widely regarded as a feminist poster that communicates strength and empowerment, despite its rather stereotypical representation of a woman’s body. Nevertheless, the effect of the cultural icon was extremely empowering. However, while many women reassumed their role as housewives after the war, many were dissatisfied with returning to life confined within the domestic sphere. Most industries at the time were still male-dominated, with increasingly more robust barriers for women trying to enter or stay in the workforce as men began returning from the war. Many employers also established a clear gender pay gap and sometimes implemented low quotas for female workers. The general societal expectation was for women to return to the domestic realm post-war. This led to a growing sense of restlessness among women who were discontent with this life, a general unhappiness that was labelled as “the problem that has no name” in Betty Friedan’s book The Feminine Mystique (1963). The reaction involved confronting issues such as domesticity, workplace inequality, and reproductive rights. The social expectation for women to become wives and mothers, especially from a young age, that arose from the faux distinction between women’s domestic and men’s public sphere was challenged. The Equal Pay Act of 1963 marked the first legislative achievement of the wave, prohibiting discrimination in wages based on sex. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 further forbade discrimination based on race, colour, religion, sex, or national origin in employment, benefitting both the civil rights movement, which was in full swing at the time, and the feminist movement. Another legal victory took place in the Supreme Court ruling of 1965 Griswold v. Connecticut , which legalised the use of contraceptives between married couples. At the advent of the movement in 1960, oral contraceptive pills were also approved by the US Food and Drug Administration, which gave women more choice and control over their own lives. Third Wave (1990s) While significant advances have been made since the initial suffragette movement, a field called intersectional feminism grew in prominence that included class and race. Until now, much of the movement was focused on middle-class women and many of the landmark achievements didn’t apply to women of colour. However, feminists of this generation acknowledged the intersectionality of oppression and extended the movement to communities that were previously excluded (e.g. African Americans). The theory of intersectionality, attributed to Kimberlé Crenshaw, recognised the interconnectedness of the system of oppression which overlaps and often intensifies between gender, class, and race. While intersectionality was a distinguishing feature of the third wave, it wasn’t the only focus. This generation continued the work of the second wave, especially on issues of reproductive rights and sexual liberation. Many attribute the rise of this wave to the Anita Hill Senate hearings where Hill testified for sexual harassment against the U.S. Supreme Course Nominee Clarence Thomas. This publicised the problem of violence against women, including sexual harassment, rape, and domestic violence. The underground feminist punk movement, riot grrrl, explicitly addressed these issues, along with other forms of sexism, in their songs. This direct, unfiltered revolt followed from the Guerilla Girls, an anonymous group of female artists formed in 1985 who wore gorilla masks and protested against the inherent sexism and racism in the art industry. These two groups set the standard early with their radical and status-quo-disrupting methods of protest. Unlike their predecessors, third-wave feminists were fearless and unreserved in their approach. They sought to challenge and redefine ideas portrayed by the media about women in audacious manners, using their sexuality as a means of empowerment. Many chose to adopt sexist media representations of women by dressing and acting in deliberately feminist ways through revealing clothing and sexualised behaviours, openly mocking the image and idea of femininity. This extended to language as well thanks to the rise of postmodernism in the academia in the 1970s/80s. Terms that were used derogatorily (e.g. bitch, slut, cunt) hitherto to oppress women were proudly reclaimed. Many feminists embraced those slang and used them as a tool of liberation by stripping away their power over women. The goal of sexual liberation involved challenging the social and cultural norms around gender and deconstructing the myth of “male” and “female” attributes. This was influenced by the gender theories of Judith Butler, a post-structuralist philosopher, who expounded that gender is a social construct in Gender Troubles: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity (1990). They argue that rather than being something innate, gender is performative, a by-product of our repeated actions: “gender is a kind of improvised performance, a form of theatricality that constitutes a sense of identity” (Anthony Elliot) This promoted the idea of gender fluidity, the notion that gender is a continuum and non-binary, which helped to shift perceptions of gender identity and dismantle institutionalised gender stereotypes and characteristics. Fourth Wave (2010s) The fourth wave is for the most part a continuation of the third wave in a new century. The focus remains very much on sexual harassment, rape culture, and body shaming but with the aid of the growing prevalence of social media to propel the movement to the global stage. The #MeToo movement permeated throughout social media with women sharing their own stories of sexual harassment and assault, bringing widespread awareness and urgency to the issue of sexual violence by publicising these experiences. The phrase originated in 2006 by Tarana Burke to promote “empowerment through empathy” but rose to prominence in 2017 following the sexual abuse allegations against Harvey Weinstein. The fourth wave also seeks to be even more inclusive of trans women and other members of the LGBTQIA+ community in the intersectionality conversation. Anti-feminist Movements The progress of feminism is far from linear. In between, or sometimes even within, waves, there were periods of regression that were triggered by either societal factors and/or generation differences in ideologies that sparked conflict among feminists. The two main anti-feminist movements occurred in the 1950s and 1980s. 1950s – the “Happy Housewife” myth pressured women to be the perfect housewives, often through marketing magazines and films that portrayed women as complacent domestic angels who enjoyed carrying out tasks in the household. They were expected to cook the “right” food, purchase the “right” products, keep the house clean, and look perfect while doing it. This idealised image of femininity set an unachievable standard which later culminated in a general unhappiness amongst women that was expounded by Betty Friedan in The Feminine Mystique (1963). 1980s – this period of regression was fuelled by the shift towards conservativism, brought about by the election of Ronald Reagan who was a strong and vocal opposer of feminism with anti-feminist “family values”. He was an adversary of the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) and abortion rights. In addition, the pervasive idea of feminists as “man-haters” at the time aggravated the backlash against feminism. However, there was also division among feminists derived from the bold and radical tactics of the third-wave feminists which triggered a debate on sex-positive vs. sex-negative feminism. Sex-positivity celebrates sexual diversity and sees it as empowering, while sex-negativity is cautionary about sexual expression and sees it as debasing to women. The generational differences in beliefs caused intrasexual conflict and oppression that saw women being inculcated into the patriarchy and oppressing other women. Overall, this was a significant period of regression that stained the progress of the second wave. Previous Page Back to Topic Next Page

Button Button Back to Topic Menu Context of Production Context of Reception Australian Culture Enlightenment Romanticism Enlightenment Literature (Year 12) - Context & Culture Nicola Archibald The Enlightenment The Enlightenment was an intellectual and cultural movement that began approximately in 1685 and spanned until the end of the Napoleonic Wars in 1815. The Napoleonic wars were a continuation of the French Revolution, which was greatly influenced by writers like Voltaire, who stirred up dissatisfaction amongst the working class around the aristocracy and bourgeoisie. Another name for the Enlightenment period is the “Age of Reason”, as there was significant emphasis on scientific development, rationalism, and a shift away from religious superstition. Writers and thinkers in the Enlightenment era believed that happiness and truth could be achieved through a life of reason. This underpinned a shift away from religion, which during the Renaissance in Europe, was often rooted in superstition and devout belief in miracles, two things that go strongly against rationalism. The Enlightenment was also a follow-on from the Scientific Revolution which began in 1543 and was an era of progress across a wide range of scientific areas including astronomy, biology, chemistry, physics, and mathematics. It also came with the development of scientific instruments like the microscope and telescope, which allowed scientific exploration to extend beyond what was visible to the human eye. Significant advancements in science continued throughout the Enlightenment, such as the discovery of Jupiter’s moons by Galileo and Isaac Newton’s basic Laws of Motion and Universal Gravitation. However, the period also led to the development of political thought, writing styles and cultural ideas. It is important to note that Enlightenment thinkers and writers did not all agree, and there were often diverging or even conflicting thoughts, particularly about issues of gender, class, and nature. When considering the Enlightenment Era, there are a few very notable writers, texts and philosophies that are now understood as defining points in the period. Voltaire (1694 - 1778) Voltaire was a French writer and advocate for human reason. He saw rational thinking as a necessity for social progress and argued that a person’s status could not exclude them from being challenged by reason. Voltaire’s writings covered a wide range of subjects including metaphysics (a branch of philosophy focusing on what is real), science, religion, and politics, and he wrote these ideas in various ways, often through pamphlets, essays, or dramas, particularly tragedies. The scope of Voltaire’s texts made him one of the most notable writers of his time. However, although he was a well-known figure both in England and France, Voltaire’s writings were often criticised, particularly by those in power. In terms of literature, the 18th century was given the reputation of being the “great age of letter writing”. Improvements in roads, transportation, and the postal system in Europe made it easier than ever to send messages and information across the continent. There were guides on how to write love letters, and literacy rates increased due to the more effective spread of writing and ideas. Voltaire’s “Lettres Philosophiques” (1733), otherwise known as “Letters on the English”, were written after his time spent living in Britain. They contain his thoughts on how Britain addresses issues of religion and governance along with his view on their art and philosophies. As an advocate for reason, Voltaire was not completely convinced by religion and how it seemed to conflict with rationality. However, he wrote about his support for English Quakers as they did not conduct rituals he saw as unnecessary like baptisms or the taking of communion. He also compared English Anglicanism to French Catholicism but stated that he considered Anglicism to be much more consistent, albeit a little outdated. Voltaire wrote in support of England’s Magna Carter and their well-developed trade system, which he argued gave the British people greater freedom. Along with some praise for a few components of the English way of life, Voltaire criticised the French Roman Church and the French government, calling for reform in both areas. Originally, the letters were published in English but when they were published in French the following year, they were banned by the French parliament, who deemed them as an attack on the French government. Jean Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778) One of Voltaire’s rivals and greatest critiques was Swiss philosopher Rousseau. The two philosophers had conflicting ideas and their criticisms of one another were often made public through the publishing of their correspondences. One of Rousseau’s most notable philosophical ideas was his view on the “state of nature”. The state of nature refers to the period of time when humans lived before society and institutions. Rousseau believed that pre-society was the “golden age” and his Discourse on the Origin and Basis of Inequality Among Men (1755) argued that before human houses were built, there was no cohabitation of men and women, no jealousy, no concept of ownership or property and no need for government. Whilst he considered this to be the peak of humanity, Rousseau recognised that there was no way to return to this state. He instead implored a society that advocated for peace and argued that property, should a person be lucky enough to have some, is their right. This idea seemed to benefit the rich more than the poor, as the upper class’s “defacto ownership” was legitimised into a natural right, keeping the poor in their original position. In 1762, Rousseau published his treatise Emile, or On Education. The text is about how a young man’s son (Emile) is brought up by a tutor with unlimited authority. It contains a number of different messages about the education process, one of them being that children enter the world without any flaws or vices but have these infused into them by their surroundings. Rousseau was also a great advocate for gender-based education. His character Sophie (Emile’s future wife) is educated by Emile himself and is only taught the skills considered necessary for her to fulfil the role of wife, mother, and homemaker. While this belief aligned with the contemporary ideologies around gender roles, it was not immune to criticism, particularly from more progressive writers such as Mary Wollstonecraft. Mary Wollstonecraft (1759-1797) Mary Wollstonecraft was an English writer who created a legacy as one of the first feminist authors for her work in advocating for women’s rights, inclusion, and education. Unlike Rousseau, Wollstonecraft saw girls and boys as the same and believed that because of this, they should be educated the same. Wollstonecraft employed the increasingly emerging genre of children’s books to take on some of the ideas discussed in Rousseau’s Emile while putting forward some of her own ideas about womanhood and education. Her didactic novel Original Stories from Real Life (1788) follows two young girls as they are educated by the enlightened Mrs Mason. With their tutor’s guidance, and exposure to moral exemplars and failures, the girls learn how to become charitable women and models of enlightened domesticity. The text not only disagrees with Rousseau’s ideas that women’s education should be limited to household and wifely duties, but also refutes Immanuel Kant’s (another prominent Enlightenment philosopher) Account on Reason, which excluded women from having the ability to employ rationality. The two girls, Mary and Caroline, are both taught to use their reasoning to be better, more autonomous people who help those less fortunate than themselves. Mary Wollstonecraft’s Original Stories was a precursor to what is now her most well-known text, The Vindication of the Rights of Women (1792). This essay advocates for women’s education on the basis that women cannot be good mothers or wives without it. She believed that the dismissal of female education had caused delays in society’s progress and misery for a significant portion of the world’s population. For Wollstonecraft, virtues are learned because of knowledge and are what separate humans from one another. She argued that men and women should strive for the same virtues despite having different social roles, thus they should acquire the same knowledge. Again, this work criticised Rousseau’s argument that women should be educated on how to serve men, a belief that was a point of great frustration for Wollstonecraft. She ends her text with a call for a “revolution” for women to seek out greater education, claiming that this would make them more independent and freer which would benefit society as a whole. Explained here are just three notable authors of the time period, but there were many others with differing ideas about the importance of reason and what it meant to be an enlightened person. The Enlightenment was a significant period in literary history as it brought about new genres such as letter writing and children’s books, but it also saw the development of social and political ideas which were passionately debated amongst writers and philosophers. Understanding the Enlightenment’s strong emphasis on reason and rationality also provides context for the reaction from writers later in the 19th century who began to value their emotions and inner thoughts and later became known as the Romantics. Previous Page Back to Topic Next Page

Concepts Topics Values Button Attitudes Button Back to Subject

Button Button Back to Topic Menu Values Attitudes Attitudes Literature (Year 12) - Concepts Rebecca Sainsbury Attitudes Attitudes are the range of emotions, beliefs and behaviours toward a particular thing, event, object, or person. Attitudes are the active thoughts and behaviours towards something whereas values on the other hand influence attitudes. For example, if the reader values honesty, they will have a negative attitude towards a character who consistently lies. Media Influence on Attitudes Media has a strong influence on the attitudes that individuals obtain in the 21st century. The media has the ability to elevate small issues to the point of outrage and the ability to completely change a narrative to favour a particular side. In the 2020s, almost everyone has been given a platform to voice their concerns and thoughts which has arguably led to a bombardment of information to the average media user; it is almost as if we do not have to think anymore as we have someone doing it for us. For example, TikTok and its community have something to say about almost every topic no matter how trivial it may be. The strong influence media channels have, including social media giants like Instagram, YouTube, Netflix, and especially TikTok, have the ability to completely shift individual and societal attitudes. Generational Shifts in Attitudes Across generations, values and attitudes undergo significant shifts influenced by a myriad of factors, including technological advancements, social movements, and economic shifts. These changes reflect the evolving nature of society and the dynamic interplay between individuals and their environments. Technological advancements play a crucial role in shaping generational values and attitudes. Each new wave of technology brings with it changes in communication, access to information, and modes of interaction, which in turn influence how individuals perceive the world and their place in it. For example, the widespread adoption of the internet and social media has transformed the way people connect, share ideas, and engage with issues, leading to shifts in attitudes towards privacy, community, and activism. Social movements also catalyse changes in values and attitudes across generations by challenging existing norms and advocating for social justice and equality. Movements such as civil rights, feminism, and LGBTQIA+ rights have sparked conversations and activism around issues of discrimination, oppression, and inclusion, reshaping societal attitudes towards diversity, empowerment, and human rights. These movements not only reflect changing values but also inspire younger generations to question established beliefs and embrace progressive ideals. Economic shifts likewise influence generational values and attitudes, particularly in response to periods of economic instability, inequality, and globalisation. Economic downturns can foster a sense of disillusionment and uncertainty among younger generations, prompting them to reevaluate traditional notions of success, wealth, and security. Additionally, globalisation has facilitated greater interconnectedness and cultural exchange, leading to more diverse perspectives and values among younger generations who are increasingly exposed to different cultures and ways of life. In literature, generational shifts often serve as a backdrop for exploring changes in attitudes and values over time. Through narratives that span multiple generations, authors depict the evolving perspectives of characters and the tensions that arise between different age groups. These shifts in attitudes reflect broader societal changes and cultural transformations, highlighting the dynamic nature of human values and beliefs across generations. One literary example that illustrates generational shifts in attitudes is "The Grapes of Wrath" by John Steinbeck. The novel follows the Joad family, displaced by the Dust Bowl and the economic hardships of the Great Depression, as they journey from Oklahoma to California in search of a better life. Throughout their journey, the novel portrays the clash between the values of the older generation, represented by Pa Joad and his adherence to traditional notions of family and resilience, and the younger generation, epitomised by Tom Joad and his growing sense of social justice and solidarity with oppressed workers. As the Joad family encounters injustice and exploitation in their quest for survival, the younger generation becomes increasingly radicalised, challenging the status quo and advocating for collective action against systemic oppression. The novel reflects the shifting attitudes of the time, as younger generations grapple with economic hardship and social inequality, leading to a reevaluation of traditional values and a call for social change. Through the lens of the Joad family's journey, "The Grapes of Wrath" explores the complexities of generational shifts in attitudes and values, highlighting the tension between tradition and progress, resilience and rebellion. The novel serves as a powerful testament to the transformative power of individual and collective action in the face of adversity and underscores the importance of understanding and reconciling differences in attitudes across generations. Environmental Attitudes In literature, environmental attitudes are often depicted through narratives that explore themes of environmental conservation, sustainability, and the role of values in shaping behaviours related to environmental stewardship. Characters may grapple with their connection to nature, the consequences of human actions on the environment, and the ethical imperative to protect the natural world. One literary example that exemplifies environmental attitudes is "The Lorax" by Dr. Seuss. In this children's book, the Lorax speaks for the trees and warns against the destructive actions of the Once-ler, who indiscriminately exploits the Truffula trees for profit, leading to environmental devastation. The Once-ler's greed and disregard for the environment reflect a lack of stewardship and an exploitative attitude towards nature. Through the character of the Lorax and the plight of the Truffula trees, Dr. Seuss highlights the importance of environmental conservation and the consequences of unchecked exploitation. The story underscores the role of values such as empathy, responsibility, and respect for nature in fostering a sense of environmental stewardship. By emphasising the interconnectedness of all living beings and the need to protect the environment for future generations, "The Lorax" inspires readers to consider their own attitudes towards the natural world and the importance of taking action to preserve it. Previous Page Back to Topic Next Page

Button Button Back to Topic Menu Feminism Marxism Eco-critical Gendered Eco-critical Literature (Year 12) - Readings Rebecca Sainsbury Eco-critical History Ecocriticism came into prominence during the 1960s, coinciding with the rise of the environmental movement and the publication of Rachel Carson's influential work, "Silent Spring," in 1962. However, its significant development occurred primarily in the 1980s. Since then, ecocriticism has experienced two distinct periods of heightened interest: the initial surge in the 1980s and a subsequent resurgence in the 1990s. What is the theory? Ecocriticism is an interdisciplinary approach that examines the intersection of literature and the environment, drawing upon insights from various scientific disciplines to analyse how literary works reflect and engage with environmental issues. This field seeks to understand the complex relationships between humans and the natural world, while also proposing potential solutions for addressing contemporary environmental challenges. The emergence of ecocriticism as a formal field of study was marked by the publication of influential works in the mid-1990s, including "The Ecocriticism Reader," edited by Cheryll Glotfelty and Harold Fromm, and "The Environmental Imagination," by Lawrence Buell. This type of analysis has garnered significant interest in recent times, spurred by growing societal concern over environmental degradation and advancements in technology. As a result, it offers a novel perspective for examining and understanding literary texts, enriching the field of literary and theoretical studies with fresh insights. Ecocriticism, which encompasses various related terms such as "green (cultural) studies," "ecopoetics," and "environmental literary criticism," takes a broad approach deliberately, aiming to explore the intricate connections between literature and the environment. It challenges traditional Western views that often perceive nature as merely a resource for human exploitation and utility. Elements of the Reading Ecocriticism, as a literary theory, encompasses several key elements that shape its approach to analysing texts in relation to the natural environment. Here are the main elements of ecocriticism: Nature as Multifaceted Ecocriticism stands as a literary lens that elevates nature to a central position within the analysis, going beyond mere backdrop status to perceive it as a dynamic and integral component of the text itself. In this approach, nature emerges as a nuanced character, endowed with agency, symbolism, and profound significance within the narrative landscape. Such a perspective underscores the intricate interplay between humanity and its surroundings, revealing how literary works both reflect and respond to pressing ecological concerns. One of the hallmarks of ecocriticism lies in its interdisciplinary nature, drawing upon a rich tapestry of insights from diverse fields including literature, environmental science, philosophy, sociology, and cultural studies. This interdisciplinary framework empowers eco-critics to delve into the multifaceted interactions between humans and their environment, enriching literary analysis with scientific, philosophical, and cultural depth. Furthermore, ecocriticism places a strong emphasis on the significance of place and landscape in shaping human identity, culture, and imagination. Eco-critics meticulously dissect how authors portray specific geographical locations, ecosystems, and landscapes, meticulously unravelling the layers of cultural, historical, and ecological significance embedded within these settings. By scrutinising the portrayal of landscapes, eco-critics unveil the intricate ways in which literature reflects and moulds our intricate relationship with the natural world. Moreover, ecocriticism delves into the pivotal role of literature in nurturing an ecological imagination—a worldview that fosters an acute awareness of and profound empathy for the interconnectedness of all living beings and ecosystems. Through meticulous literary analysis, eco-critics probe how literature serves as a catalyst for readers, inviting them to perceive and engage with the natural world in deeply transformative and enriching ways. This perspective not only facilitates a deeper understanding of environmental issues but also kindles a sense of responsibility towards ecological stewardship, inspiring readers to embrace a more sustainable and harmonious relationship with the planet. Environmental Ethics In novels, ecocriticism delves into both environmental justice and environmental ethics, illuminating the intersection of social issues and ethical considerations within the narrative landscape. Ecocriticism is grounded in environmental ethics, which examines human responsibilities and ethical obligations towards the natural world. Eco-critics often assess literary texts in light of ethical questions related to environmental sustainability, stewardship, conservation, and justice. For instance, in Octavia E. Butler's "Parable of the Sower," the protagonist, Lauren Olamina, navigates a dystopian world plagued by environmental degradation and social inequality, shedding light on the injustices faced by marginalised communities. Butler's narrative serves as a poignant exploration of environmental justice, reflecting real-world struggles against environmental racism. Similarly, Aldo Leopold's "A Sand County Almanac" offers a literary testament to environmental ethics, advocating for a land ethic that emphasises humanity's ethical responsibilities towards the natural world. Through these literary examples, ecocriticism demonstrates its capacity to engage with complex environmental issues while enriching our understanding of human interactions with the environment. Anthropocentrism Anthropocentrism, the belief that humans are the central or most significant species on Earth, underpins many cultural attitudes and practices that contribute to environmental destruction. Eco-critics critique anthropocentric narratives in literature and culture that portray nature as a resource to be exploited for human benefit, overlooking the intrinsic value of non-human beings and ecosystems. These narratives often reinforce hierarchical power structures that privilege human interests at the expense of ecological integrity and biodiversity. Through ecocritical analysis, scholars examine how literature reflects and perpetuates anthropocentric worldviews, uncovering the ways in which human-centred ideologies shape narratives of progress, conquest, and domination over nature. For example, in Joseph Conrad's novel "Heart of Darkness," the protagonist's journey into the African wilderness serves as a metaphor for Western imperialism and the exploitation of natural resources, reflecting a colonialist mindset that views nature as a resource to be conquered and exploited for economic gain. Eco-critics also challenge anthropocentric assumptions about human exceptionalism and superiority, advocating for a more inclusive and holistic understanding of the interconnectedness of all living beings and ecosystems. By centring non-human perspectives and experiences in literature, eco-critics highlight the agency and subjectivity of non-human beings, challenging readers to empathise with and respect the inherent value of all life forms. Moreover, ecocriticism promotes alternative narratives and worldviews that prioritise ecological sustainability, biodiversity conservation, and environmental justice. By examining literary texts that imagine worlds where humans coexist harmoniously with nature, eco-critics inspire readers to envision more equitable and sustainable ways of inhabiting the Earth. Through critical engagement with anthropocentric narratives, ecocriticism encourages readers to recognise their responsibility as stewards of the planet and advocate for the protection and preservation of biodiversity and ecosystems for future generations. Sustainability One prominent theme in ecocritical literature is sustainability, which encompasses the notion of living in balance with nature to meet the needs of present and future generations. Literary works often explore the consequences of unsustainable practices such as deforestation, pollution, and overconsumption, highlighting the importance of environmental stewardship and conservation efforts. For example, Barbara Kingsolver's novel "Prodigal Summer" interweaves narratives of human and non-human characters to illustrate the interconnectedness of ecosystems and the need for sustainable agricultural practices. Resilience is another key concept examined in ecocritical literature, referring to the capacity of ecosystems and communities to adapt and recover from environmental disruptions. Literary texts often depict characters and landscapes grappling with environmental challenges such as natural disasters, climate change, and habitat loss. Through narratives of resilience, literature celebrates the resilience of nature and explores the human capacity for adaptation and survival. In Cormac McCarthy's novel "The Road," the protagonist and his son navigate a post-apocalyptic landscape devastated by an unspecified environmental catastrophe, reflecting on themes of resilience, hope, and the enduring power of the human spirit in the face of environmental collapse. Moreover, ecocritical literature encourages readers to envision alternative ways of living that prioritise ecological sustainability and environmental justice. By exploring utopian and dystopian visions of the future, literary texts provoke critical reflection on current environmental issues and inspire readers to take action to protect the planet. Ursula K. Le Guin's novel "The Dispossessed" imagines a society on a desert planet that practices sustainable living and embraces principles of ecological balance, offering a compelling vision of a world where humans coexist harmoniously with nature. Examples of Ecocritical Novels Parable of the Sower by Octavia E. Butler The Water Knife by Paolo Bacigalupi Silent Spring by Rachel Carson The Grapes of Wrath by John Steinbeck The Fifth Sacred Thing by Starhawk Previous Page Back to Topic Next Page

Button Button Back to Topic Menu Values Attitudes Values Literature (Year 12) - Concepts Rebecca Sainsbury Values Our values and attitudes are responsible for much of how we react to the world around us. Whether this be the reaction to a scene in a movie or a sentence containing ‘the big reveal’ in a novel. Values are fundamental principles that guide our decision-making and are vital in deciding what is important, right, and beneficial to us. They act as the driving factors for how we act; they shape our behaviour and serve as a moral compass. Examples of values include integrity, tolerance, and creativity. There are also dominant values which are values shared by a greater part of society; for example, loyalty and punctuality are shared values of society. On the other end, there are also regressive dominant values. An example of this may be adherence to suffocating gender stereotypes. For example, in “The Yellow Wallpaper”, the narrator is treated condescendingly by her husband who trivializes her experience with undiagnosed, yet spiralling, post-partum depression within a period of time where mental illness was treated as a taboo. During the late 1800s, the time in which the book was both set and written, treatments and diagnoses of women with mental illnesses were rudimentary and stemmed from the dominant value that women were inferior to men simply due to the roles and stereotypes society had imposed upon them. Identity and Values Identity in literature is often intricately woven with values, forming the foundation of character exploration. Characters grapple with the essence of who they are, navigating the terrain of their beliefs, experiences, and societal expectations. Through their journeys, literature illuminates the dynamic interplay between identity and values, showcasing how individuals negotiate personal truths against the backdrop of cultural norms and moral codes. Whether protagonists confront existential dilemmas or societal pressures, their quests for self-discovery mirror the universal quest to align one's identity with deeply held principles. So reiterating, in stories, characters figure out who they are and what they believe in. They deal with their own ideas, experiences, and what society expects from them. As they go through their adventures, we see how they balance who they are with what they think is right. Sometimes they face big questions about life, and other times it's about fitting in. Overall, stories show us how people find themselves while facing the world around them. They teach us that figuring out who we are is a lot like what characters do in books. In "To Kill a Mockingbird" by Harper Lee, the character of Atticus Finch embodies the relationship between identity and values. As a lawyer defending a black man accused of raping a white woman in the racially charged South, Atticus must confront his own identity as a white man and his deeply held values of justice and equality. Despite facing hostility and prejudice from his community, Atticus remains steadfast in upholding his principles, teaching his children the importance of empathy and integrity. Through Atticus, the novel illustrates how one's identity is shaped by their moral compass, and how staying true to one's values can define one's sense of self. Thus, literature becomes this kind of melting pot where identities are forged, tested, and ultimately, defined by the values that shape them. Cultural Differences in Values In literature, characters often encounter different cultures and beliefs that shape their values and attitudes. These encounters highlight the diversity of human experiences and the complexity of identity formation. Characters may grapple with conflicting cultural norms, forcing them to re-evaluate their own values. Through these interactions, literature showcases how cultural differences can challenge and enrich individual perspectives, leading to personal growth and understanding. Characters may confront prejudice and stereotypes, prompting them to confront their own biases and assumptions. In "The Kite Runner" by Khaled Hosseini, the protagonist, Amir, grows up in Afghanistan before moving to the United States. Throughout the novel, Amir navigates the clash between his Afghan heritage and American culture, which influences his values and attitudes. Raised in a society where honour and loyalty hold paramount importance, Amir struggles with feelings of guilt and redemption after betraying his childhood friend, Hassan. His journey reflects the complexities of cultural identity, as he grapples with the traditional Afghan expectations of masculinity and honour while living in a modern, Western society. Through his experiences, the novel explores how cultural differences shape individual morality and the search for personal identity. Ultimately, literature underscores the importance of empathy and open-mindedness in navigating the diverse tapestry of human identity and values. Gender Roles in Values Gender roles and values are closely linked in literature as they both reflect and influence societal norms, expectations, and attitudes regarding gender. Gender roles refer to the behaviours, roles, and responsibilities that are considered appropriate for individuals based on their perceived gender. These roles often stem from cultural, historical, and societal constructs and can vary widely across different societies and time periods. In the 21st century, gender roles play an integral role in the course of certain cultures. Values, on the other hand, encompass the beliefs, principles, and ideals that individuals hold dear and guide their actions and decisions. In literature, characters often grapple with the expectations imposed by gender roles and how these expectations intersect with their personal values. Authors use characters to explore and challenge these societal norms, offering insights into the complexities of gender identity and the tensions between individual beliefs and societal pressures. A prime example is in the classic "Pride and Prejudice" by Jane Austen, where the characters grapple with the societal expectations of gender roles and how they intersect with their values. Elizabeth Bennet, the protagonist, challenges traditional gender norms by refusing to conform to the submissive and passive role expected of women in her society. Instead, she values independence, intelligence, and integrity, which often clash with the prevailing attitudes toward women's roles in marriage and society. Similarly, Mr. Darcy, the male lead, confronts his own preconceptions about gender roles as he learns to respect Elizabeth's autonomy and intellect. Through their interactions, the novel critiques the limitations imposed by rigid gender roles and highlights the importance of individual agency and egalitarian values in relationships. Ethical Dilemmas and Values Ethical dilemmas in literature serve as a lens through which authors explore the complexities of human values and decision-making across a variety of contexts, including healthcare, business, technology, and politics. Characters grapple with moral quandaries that resonate with readers, prompting reflection on the ethical implications of their actions. In healthcare literature, characters may face dilemmas such as whether to disclose a terminal diagnosis to a patient, balancing the principles of autonomy and beneficence. Their decisions are influenced by values such as honesty, compassion, and respect for patient autonomy, highlighting the ethical challenges inherent in medical practice. Similarly, in business-themed literature, protagonists may confront dilemmas such as whether to blow the whistle on corporate misconduct, weighing financial security against ethical integrity. The values of honesty, integrity, and corporate social responsibility guide their decisions, illustrating the ethical complexities of navigating the corporate world. Technological dilemmas in literature may involve questions of privacy, surveillance, and artificial intelligence. Characters must grapple with the ethical implications of their creations, considering values such as privacy, autonomy, and the potential impact on society. These narratives explore the ethical dilemmas posed by advancing technology and the moral responsibilities of its creators. In political literature, characters navigate dilemmas such as corruption, power struggles, and moral compromises. They confront ethical choices that shape the course of society, influenced by values such as justice, equality, and the common good. These narratives offer insights into the moral challenges of governance and the tensions between political expediency and ethical principles. Through the exploration of ethical dilemmas in literature across diverse contexts, authors engage readers in critical reflection on the values that underpin human decision-making. By examining the ethical complexities faced by fictional characters, readers gain insight into their own moral compasses and the broader ethical dilemmas confronting society. In George Orwell's "1984," the protagonist, Winston Smith, grapples with ethical dilemmas that reflect broader societal and political issues. As a citizen living under the oppressive regime of the Party, Winston faces moral quandaries regarding truth, freedom, and loyalty. One of the central ethical dilemmas Winston confronts is whether to adhere to the Party's authoritarian dictates or rebel against its oppressive control. Throughout the novel, Winston struggles with the tension between conformity and individuality, torn between the values of truth and personal autonomy. His decision to engage in acts of rebellion, such as secretly keeping a diary and forming a forbidden romantic relationship with Julia, reflects his commitment to these values, even at great personal risk. Moreover, Winston's ethical dilemmas extend to questions of loyalty and betrayal. As he becomes increasingly disillusioned with the Party's propaganda and manipulation, Winston grapples with the moral implications of his allegiance to Big Brother. Ultimately, his decision to resist the Party and seek truth and freedom embodies his adherence to values of integrity and moral courage, despite the dire consequences he faces. Through Winston's journey in "1984," Orwell explores the complex interplay between individual values and the oppressive forces of authoritarianism. The novel serves as a powerful cautionary tale about the dangers of sacrificing ethical principles in the pursuit of power and control. Winston's defiance against the Party's tyranny underscores the enduring importance of upholding values of truth, freedom, and human dignity, even in the face of overwhelming adversity. Globalisation and Cultural Values Globalisation has profound effects on cultural values and attitudes, influencing how individuals perceive their own identities and interact with others in an increasingly interconnected world. Several factors contribute to the impact of globalisation on cultural values, including migration, international trade, and cultural exchange. Migration plays a significant role in shaping cultural values as people move across borders, bringing their traditions, beliefs, and practices with them. This cultural diversity enriches societies by fostering cross-cultural interactions and promoting tolerance and understanding. However, migration also leads to cultural hybridisation as individuals adapt to new environments and adopt elements of the local culture, resulting in the blending of diverse cultural traditions and values. International trade facilitates the exchange of goods, services, and ideas across borders, contributing to the spread of cultural values and attitudes. As people are exposed to products and media from different cultures, their perceptions and preferences may change, leading to the adoption of new cultural norms and values. For example, the popularity of global brands and entertainment franchises can shape consumer behaviour and cultural trends worldwide, influencing attitudes towards consumerism, materialism, and individualism. Cultural exchange programs, tourism, and digital media further accelerate the diffusion of cultural values and attitudes in the era of globalisation. Through interactions with people from different backgrounds and exposure to diverse cultural expressions, individuals gain a broader perspective on the world and may develop more open-minded attitudes towards cultural diversity. However, globalisation also poses challenges to cultural identity and authenticity as traditional practices and values are sometimes commodified or diluted to appeal to global markets. Overall, globalisation has both positive and negative effects on cultural values and attitudes, reshaping societies in complex ways. While it promotes cultural diversity and fosters cross-cultural understanding, it also poses challenges to cultural preservation and identity. By examining the impact of globalisation on cultural values, we can better understand the dynamics of cultural change and explore strategies for preserving and promoting cultural diversity in a globalised world. Religion and Values The intersection of religion and values is a complex and deeply influential aspect of human society, shaping attitudes towards morality, ethics, and social issues. Religious beliefs often serve as a foundation for individuals' value systems, guiding their behaviour and decision-making in various aspects of life. One key way in which religion influences values is through its teachings on morality and ethics. Many religious traditions provide moral frameworks and ethical guidelines that dictate how believers should conduct themselves in their interactions with others and the world around them. For example, the Ten Commandments in Christianity and the Five Pillars of Islam outline principles of righteousness, honesty, compassion, and justice that form the basis of moral behaviour for adherents. Religious beliefs also shape attitudes towards social issues by informing perspectives on topics such as human rights, gender roles, and environmental stewardship. For instance, religious teachings may influence attitudes towards LGBTQIA+ rights, reproductive rights, and immigration, with followers interpreting their faith's doctrines in ways that align with their values. Similarly, religious perspectives on the sanctity of life and the stewardship of the earth can influence attitudes towards environmental conservation and sustainability. However, the relationship between religion and values is not monolithic, and interpretations of religious teachings can vary widely among individuals and communities. Religious pluralism and diversity contribute to a multiplicity of value systems within and across religious traditions, leading to differences in attitudes towards morality, ethics, and social issues. Additionally, secular influences, cultural factors, and personal experiences also shape individuals' values alongside their religious beliefs. Overall, the intersection of religion and values is a rich and dynamic area of study, reflecting the complex interplay between faith, culture, and human behaviour. By examining how religious beliefs influence attitudes towards morality, ethics, and social issues, we gain insight into the diverse ways in which religion shapes individuals' values and contributes to broader societal discourse on these important topics. Previous Page Back to Topic Next Page

Button Button Back to Topic Menu Value Context Perspective Beliefs Mode Genre Style Attitude Text Types Interpretations Attitude English (Year 12) - Course Concepts Ben Whitten What are attitudes? Attitudes are described as an outlook or a specific feeling about something and are highly interconnected with one’s values and can be expressed by what we say, do and wear. Authors portray their attitudes towards different facets of life through their work. It is important to note that attitudes presented in a text may not directly align with the attitudes of the author themselves; some characters, people or ideas may be represented negatively in order to place emphasis on their failings or to invite criticism of their values and attitudes. What is an example of attitudes in a text? The text I am Malala by Christina Lamb and Malala Yousafzai presents attitudes regarding females being entitled to receive an education, which is evidently expressed through the representation of events and perspectives provided throughout. Yousafzai’s attitudes are indicative of a favour to females receiving education as well as gender equality. Previous Page Back to Topic Next Page

Button Button Back to Topic Menu Value Context Perspective Beliefs Mode Genre Style Attitude Text Types Interpretations Value English (Year 12) - Course Concepts Ben Whitten What are values; why do we need them, why are they important? Let’s begin by looking at the definition of values: values refer to an individual’s judgement of what is important in life; an individual’s values are informed by context, background, experiences, culture and more . Values simply refer to what a person finds to be important to them personally, which is a result of different factors. An example of values being demonstrated in a response from The Handmaid’s Tale (televised version) may be “Offred is seen kneeling down in a bourgeoisie-style house with a grand chandelier, a stone fireplace and royal blue walls, signifying the importance of tradition and obedience in the setting”. The analysis demonstrates that the family who owns the affluent house value tradition (explained through the classy facets of the house), as well as obedience (explained through Offred kneeling down). It can be acknowledged that authors use their work as a means to express their opinions and viewpoints of the world; each piece of work is deliberate in how it is constructed. The authors’ decisions are indicative of their views and values regarding a number of factors, including politics, culture, religion, gender, context, background etc.; often at times, it is better shown in the style of the text rather than explicit statements. In responding to texts, it is crucial to interpret the relationship between the text studies and the explored ideas. How can I identify values present in texts? Visual analysis Image Credit: Happy Families, 2015 See the image above. The image shows a child holding a number of (presumed) shopping bags, wearing an elegant-style dress and heart-shaped sunglasses. Using the definition of values, an individual’s judgement of what is important in life , we can identify that the child values material possessions and consumer culture. This value of material possessions may stem from the child’s culture; for example, if the child perceives her parents as being wealthy and affluent, the child reciprocates in her attitudes and values. Textual analysis The following is an excerpt from Australian singer Tim Rogers’ 2017 autobiography, Detours. “The grand final is played in the neighbouring town of Boulder at the Digger Daws oval, as onomatopoeically perfect an oval as it is physically. The short cab ride there has us both a little pensive. Although I’ve got no emotional investment in the game, I want this to be a great experience for Dad. We both have an interest in the big league, mine more rabid than his, but we’ve always shared stories about the country games we’ve seen, and recall the local women’s leagues and suburban kids’ games with great fondness.” The short excerpt above provides us with an inclination of the authors’ values. The author states, “ Although I’ve got no emotional investment in the game, I want this to be a great experience for Dad.” This statement demonstrates the author’s value of his father, or perhaps family relationships, as he is willing to sacrifice his time for a game that he does not have any connection to for the sake of his father’s enjoyment. The author’s familial values are further demonstrated as he comments on their discussions, as they “shared stories…with great fondness.” The father and son reminisce and further perpetuate the author’s value for his father. When discussing values, it's a good idea to relate this to your personal context! Personal voice is a great asset in any response. Previous Page Back to Topic Next Page

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